Economic Development - 1870 Words

Introduction Governments the world over have long been investing in infrastructure in the hope of boosting economic development of their country. To study the relationship between infrastructure and economic development, we compared two journals; Infrastructure and Local Economic Development by Rives, J amp; Heaney, M. (1995) and Infrastructure and Economic Growth: The Nigeria Experience 1980-2006 by Enimola, S (2010). We chose these journals as the journal by Rives, J looked at the approach on a community/state level whereas the journal by Enimola, S looked at it at a national level. Hence, we were able to look at the topic at a micro and macro level. We compared the objectives of both journals, along with the methodological†¦show more content†¦DEVELOP = a + b1 INFRA + b2ln DSCITY + b3ln DSINT + b4 TOTAX + b5 EDUCATE + B6 MANEMP + b7 ln POP + E INFRA - average sewer capacity, average water plant capacity, state highway and national highway. DEVELOP - median household income, percent of the labour force employed, population change, assessed valuation per capita (property valuation) DSINT – Distance to an interstate highway DSCITY – Shortest distance to the nearest regional centre TOTAX – Property tax rate. This is measured because there is a negative relationship between tax rate and economic development as firms tend to move to regions where the tax rate is lower. EDUCATE – Percent of high school and college graduates. This measure is taken to account for the human capital stock of the community. MANEMP – is the proportion employed in manufacturing. This is to account for the agglomeration in the community. This is because agglomeration have been known to promote economic growth through greater division of labor, cost saving in bulk purchases, better communication and relationship between managers and the availability of alternative technologies. POP – accounts for the size of theShow MoreRelatedWomen Empowerment And Economic Development1905 Words   |  8 Pagesin an economy. It is without a doubt that women have always played a crucial role in different aspects of society and many studies have revealed that women empowerment and economic development are interrelated. Due to such studies many policies have been created to promote women empowerment in order to achieve economic development. When we talk about female empowerment initiatives this includes: investment in education, exposing women to workforce opportunities, finding ways to increase women’s selfRead MoreEconomic Development Office For The State Of Texas888 Words   |  4 PagesThe summer of 2014, I interned at the Economic Development Office for the state of Texas. The office was tasked with preparing relocation incentives for companies in order to create jobs. The office was split into different departments totaling about 45 people. The office worked strictly under the Governor. One would answer the phone, â€Å"Office of the Governor, Economic Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Economic Development offices around the country came under repetitive criticism for behaving as governors’ slush fundsRead MoreDevelopment And Development Of The Field Of Community Economic Development1633 Words   |  7 PagesTorres, Maria CED 301 Midterm Development and growth go hand-in-hand in the field of Community Economic Development. Community economic development is a field of study that actively elicits community involvement when working with government, and private sectors to build strong communities, industries, and markets (Riley, 2012). Economic Development applies to the context of people’s sense of right and wrong. The definition given by Michael Todaro suggests it is an increase in living standardsRead MoreThe Theory Of Economic Development Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of economic development has equipped the underdeveloped countries with a choice between ‘balanced’ and ‘unbalanced’ growth that has been one of the most tendentious topics. One group advocates the theory of Balanced Growth and refutes, in almost unequivocal terms, the virtues and utility of the doctrine of Unbalanced Growth, which the other group endorses with great insistence. These approaches towards economic development have been expounded and interpreted in various ways in the literatureRead MoreEconomic Development And Economic Growth1664 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic development has the potential to transform regions as it creates an enabling environment for economic growth. Economic development is also associated with expanding the capacity of individuals and communities to maximize the use of their available resources. The extent of economic growth depends on the type of the additional products that the economy produces from its investment projects. It has been an instrumental aspect in the growth of Cincinnati. Cincinnati is comprised of a diverseRead MoreThe Role Of Economic Development As Measured Through Levels1485 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, years of independence, and most importantly, economic development. (Dollar Gatti, 1999). This paper is examining the role economic development as measured through levels GDP (low, medium, high) plays in the level of gender empowerment in a country. After reading various studies, I have concluded that when regarding â€Å"gender empowerment† it is specific to the empowerment of women It is hypothesized that increased economic development will display higher levels of gender empowerment. TheRead MorePlanning And Loca l Economic Development1183 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning and local economic development The main goal of local economic development is to build an area where people can live quality life and to improve the future economy. When we think of local economic development, planners come to our mind. For many years, urban planners plan and work with others like engineers to develop our economy. Planners work in all types of cities from large cities to small cities. Planners plan for future cities. They decided where people should live and theyRead MoreRole of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development1047 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the attempt to create value through recognition of business opportunity, the management of risk taking appropriate to the opportunity and through the communicative and management skills to mobilize human financial and material resources necessary to bring a project to fruition. According to A. H. Cole, Entrepreneurship is activity of an individual, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandize profit byRead MoreThe Economic Development Of A Nation1852 Words   |  8 PagesAs I might want to discuss some essential parts of economic development in your nation, as you will allow us to enter in your economic business sector. We can comprehend your interest about your protectionist strategy. However, the development of the economy in developing nation like Primaria is exceptionally troublesome with this sort of free trade barriers. We have considered our business worldwide and we have seen the fast financial development in nations by business. The protectionist strategiesRead MoreEconomic Development Of Asian Countries Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Tuggle III Professor Cheryl A. D’Mello Com 201 30 November 2016 In my research, I will consider the economic development of three Asian countries – Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Rapid growth of the Asian countries appears to be a starting point of studying economic development theory on practice. The importance of the study of the causes of rapid growth of the East Asian countries lies in the application of the results to other developing countries. The contrast between East Asian

When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemmas in Research In considering the articles we read this week, it is my opinion that the single most important ethical dilemma raised was a violation of autonomy caused by either a lack of informed consent or in the case of the Willowbrook hepatitis studies, consent that was obtained through somewhat questionable practices. The Tuskegee Syphilis subjects were not informed at all that they would be denied treatment, in fact, they were implicitly lied to by the leaders of their community and lead to believe that they were going to get free medical care, blood tests and examinations. (Munson Lague, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen" essay for you Create order In the case of Willowbrook, the research subjects were both mentally incapable of consent and below the age of consent, so the researchers appealed to the parents of the children. While they were initially informed of the nature of the experiment and given time to consider and consult with psychiatrists and their own physicians during the latter part of the experiment, when admissions were restricted because of overcrowding, parents were told the only way they could get their child into Willowbrook was by admitting their child into the Hepatitis Research Unit and the study. Parents were led to believe that the research would lead to better health and better care for their children because they would be isolated from other endemic illnesses at Willowbrook and gain protection against Hepatitis itself. (Munson Lague, 2008) Without all of the necessary information and available options, participants and their proxies could not give informed consent, therefore their autonomy was violated . In consideration of this, neither study should have been conducted even though there were good things that came out of the Willowbrook study. In both research projects, harm was caused to both sets of participants however, only one deliberately withheld available effective treatment. Krugman intentionally infected children with hepatitis and justified this action by saying that they wouldve gotten it anyway because almost everyone at Willowbrook gets it eventually. (Munson Lague, 2008) As it turned out, infecting the children with hepatitis did in fact protect them to some degree. In the Tuskegee study, not only were the subjects lied to and not treated, the whole intent of the project was not to find a cure, but to find out if syphilis affected black people the same way as it did white people. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee study was a catalyst for the passage of the 1974 National Research Act. It changed the way research using human subjects with federal funding would be carried out by requiring that Institutional Review Boards be created to oversee ethical applications. It also required written informed consent allowing the use of a persons cells and tissues for research, laid out parameters that determine if a project is legitimate from an ethical standpoint and it distinguished research from practice. These parameters were respect for persons, beneficence and justice. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee experiments did not take all of these parameters into account. Participants were chosen specifically because of their race and they were poor and easily enticed to participate by offers of free care and treatment. In 1986, Saul Krugman explained in further detail about the ethical concerns of the Willowbrook experiment in an article titled The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. He brought up several issues that I did not learn from our textbook. When Willowbrook was initially returned back to the NYS Office of Mental Hygiene after World War II, the initial residents to move in were transferred from Wassaic School and Letchworth Village, two other state schools for developmentally and physically disabled children that were also suffering from severe overcrowding and endemic diseases. (Krugman, 1986) The hepatitis strain prevalent in Willowbrook was able to be traced back to Wassaic. The majority of the children were severely mentally retarded and not toilet trained; this combined with overcrowding, offered little to no control over the spread of disease, including hepatitis. At one point, a letter had been sent to 5000 parents in an attempt to have parents bring their chi ld home instead of leaving them in Willowbrook, which resulted in 2 children going home. This was one of several failed attempts to ease overcrowding and control the spread of hepatitis. Krugmans study procedures included a one year long epidemiological survey, physical examinations and collection of serum specimens which were kept in a freezer. (Krugman, 1986) Normally the samples wouldve been discarded however, it would be almost 2 decades before the researchers realized the significance of this action. Enough evidence was produced in the survey to believe that admission to Willowbrook equated to eventual infection with hepatitis A. (Krugman, 1986) After the survey, it was decided to purposely infect children in the hopes of learning to control the incidence of hepatitis, provide some immunity to the children and ultimately develop a vaccine. In regard to obtaining parental consent, as we know from the weeks readings, initially all information about the study was disseminated to individual parents of the children but later the researchers adopted a group method which Krugman stated had a better response. Parents first met with a social worker who explained the project in detail and if they agreed, the parents came to a group session where they met Dr. Giles, nursing staff, attendants and the psychiatric social workers and other physicians interested in the project. (Krugman, 1986) The purpose of the group meetings was to explain in detail the benefits, hazards, and a question and answer period followed by a tour of the facility. (Krugman, 1986) A follow up contact was made a few weeks after the meeting and if parents consented, their child was enrolled. He pointed out that both the guidelines they used in their study and their methods for obtaining informed consent were similar to guidelines established years after the study began. I noticed in Krugmans article, he did not make mention of telling parents that the only way to have their child admitted to Willowbrook after new admissions were halted was to admit them into the Hepatitis Research Unit and enroll them into the study. If this truly happened, then it could be argued that the parents were victims of subtle coercion. An unintended discovery from the Willowbrook study was that there were actually 2 strains of hepatitis prevalent in the school; MS-1, (hepatitis A), and MS-2 (hepatitis B). Krugman retested serum samples that had been frozen during the epidemiological study after the Australia antigen was discovered in 1969 and was able to confirm evidence of exposure to both strains. The recommendation from the Commission on Viral Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board that the studies be continued was based on this information. (Krugman, 1986) Krugman maintained that the sole reason for conducting their studies at Willowbrook was because hepatitis was prevalent there and the motive was to protect the children and learn about the disease. Knowledge gained because of the Willowbrook studies ultimately had a positive effect for a large portion of society. Along with learning that there are 2 strains of hepatitis, researchers learned how it was spread and that immune globulin can prevent Hepatitis B. In addition, research showed that a 1:10 mixture of boiled MS-2 serum in distilled water provided some degree of protection against Hepatitis B. (Krugman, 1986) Knowledge gained also eventually led to development of inactivated vaccines from the plasma of patients known to be carriers of hepatitis B. References Krugman, S. (1986). The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 157-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4453816 Munson, R., Lague, I. (2008). Intervention Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Environment Issues Face The Competition - 930 Words

Environment issues face the competition to get attention with other priorities in social and economic development. Establishing environment priorities need a certain cost. A clear considerable between cost and benefit could address the problem about the affordability of environmental cost. Most countries in the world experienced in a devastating environmental degradation to give a more attention to environment such as Minamata case in Japan or fog in London (Calkins et al. 1994). However, Indonesia never had experienced in such disaster. The government attention to the environment was started when the government participated in the Stockholm conference in 1972. The creating special minister for the environment was the landmark for Indonesian attitude toward environment matters. Emil Salim as the first minister for the environment acknowledges that potential threat for forest degradation is population pressure. To protect from deforestation the minister establishes a large forest area for conservation or national park (Cribb 1990). The concept ‘eco development’ was introduced by the minister. The policy means that every development should conduct an assessment of environmental impact (Nomura 2009). Improving environment quality needs efficiency and it also needs well distribution of the development. However, Economic growth is related with increasing pressure on natural resources and increasing waste. Healthy environment is associated with high income community becauseShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By Small Businesses902 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business in the UK Face Small businesses face a number of problems and challenges on a daily basis, both in the local and international markets. In the UK, Small businesses face a myriad challenges and issues on a day-to-day basis. The internal and external problems are countless. Some of these issues include high cost of insurance, financial problems, high taxes, competition, transport issues, employee skills gaps, and health safety issues among others. Competition is increasing at an alarmingRead MoreWhat Forces in the Marketing Environment Appear to Pose the Greatest Challenges to Timberlands Marketing Performance?964 Words   |  4 PagesWilhelm Case study #1 Bus 321-60 September 10, 2012 What forces in the marketing environment appear to pose the greatest challenges to Timberlands marketing performance? According to the text, the forces that pose the greatest challenge are the changes and new challenges that the marketing environment poses to the global marketer. Timberland wants to stay on top of fast-changing trends. It has to face the international competitor. So the company operates an international design center toRead MoreMarketing Mix And The Marketing Plan1335 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Competition, Marketing Mix and pricing plays a major role in the marketing Most marketing plans are conceived to extend no longer than one year before the plan is reassessed for modifications, additions, subtractions or entire reinvention depending on constantly evolving business goals and circumstances. In fact, a properly implemented marketing plan is constantly being assessed by accurate and consistent tracking systems to evaluate the plan’s performance against expectations. ThisRead MoreEnvironmental Analysis of Target Corporation1196 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Analysis of Target Corporation Darylisha Jones STR/581 September 12, 2011 Tonicia Riley Environment Analysis of Target Corporation Target Corporation is one of the largest merchants in the world. Target is recorded to be the sixth largest retailer within the United States. 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Myer is the third-largest company in the industry behind David Jones and Harvey Norman, but with $3.158 billion in salesRead MoreThe Adoption Of Islamic Business Practices1286 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizations in most industries f ace increased competitive pressures from other organizations that aim to satisfy customer demands. One of the most significant issues that face organizations today is International competition in rapidly changing environment (Porter, 1986). Competition creates diverse, new capabilities into an industry and more dynamic and uncertain competitive environment. In industry the speed of technological developments might have changes due to increased competition (Wiersema and BowenRead MoreComparison Between E-Business and Traditional Business1559 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness (E-Business) is a perplexing practice due to the numerous aspects it involves. In today’s rapidly changing environment, organizations adopt E-Business to respond to several business drivers. The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is considered a normal practice. This paper attempts to model the business environment and evaluate its competi tive characteristics by comparing the traditional business with E-Business. Kreplin.Read MoreChallenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesare the most difficult ones to face and overcome. Some environmental issues that effect the American auto industry are; global competition in the industry, new technology for powering the product that this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions to this, and consumer opinions about the product. â€Å"An analysis of the external environment is a part of the exercise of strategy development. Some parts of the external environment that are usually considered are:

HUM2210 Western HumanitiesAncient to Renaissance

HUM2210 Western Humanities:Ancient to Renaissance- Part 3 All of the following are desired of Baldassare Castigliones luomo universale EXCEPT charity to the less fortunate. The humanists in Lorenzos court have viewed Venus in Botticellis Primavera as an allegory for the highest moral qualities. Lorenzo Ghiberti created a vivid sense of real space in his design by using foreshortening It is remarkable that a competition was held in 1401 to design the doors to the Florence Baptistery, given that scarcely over a half century earlier, the city had witnessed as much as four fifths of its population succumb to the Black Death. According to Pico della Mirandola in the Oration on the Dignity of Man, humans are the most fortunate of living things, because of their great gift of free will. Dufays Nuper rosarum flores repeats the fixed melody on 6, 4, 2, and 3 units per breve to mirror the proportions of Solomons Temple and the Florence Cathedral. How did Filippo Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding? The domes ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design. Cosimo de Medici founded Florences Platonic Academy to provide a place for the study and discussion of Platos works Piero Della Francesca painted Federigo de Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, in profile because Federigo was missing an eye and part of his nose. Leonardo da Vincis Last Supper fresco is unique for its psychological realism. In Titians Sacred and Profane Love, sacred love is represented by the nude woman. In the School of Athens, Raphael represents Plato pointing upward to signify the location of the realm of ideal forms. In Renaissance Italy, the education of women was, to some degree, necessitated by the rise of the merchant class. In the School of Athens, Aristotle directs his palm down to indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world. Villa La Rotunda was modeled upon the Pantheon. In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, Lucretia Marinella claims that men who denigrate women are motivated by anger and envy. According to the ancient Roman Vitruvius, the ideal human body should be eight times the size of the human head. Donato Bramante applied the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs to symbolize the perfection of God Michelangelo placed the Separation of Light from Darkness at the far end of the Sistine Chapel over the altar, because it was intended to symbolize the viewers distance from creations goodness and truth Venetian artists begin favoring oil paint over tempera, because it gave their work more luminosity and realistic details. Why in his later years did Martin Luther claim that the Jews were devils and blasphemers? Jews did not willingly convert in great numbers to the reformed Christianity. At the heart of Martin Luthers outrage at the Churchs salvation for sale was class inequity and injustice. Satire aims to convey the contradiction between real and ideal situations Ulrich Zwingli launched his program of iconoclasm in Zurich to protest the excesses of the Vatican. Martin Luther rebelled against the Church mandate about celibacy for those in a religious vocation, because faith, to him, equalized everyone, including the clergy. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revived the Classical literary genre of satire. The first major work that Johannes Gutenberg published using his printing press was The Forty-Two Line Bible. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Franà §ois Rabelaiss Gargantua and Pantagruel for attacking medieval theologys dogmas and sacraments. Michel de Montaigne invented the personal essay. Why did many Northern European artists turn to painting portraits and landscapes? The market for religious art was diminishing. Which of the following is NOT one of William Byrds reasons for people to learn to sing? It makes people more pleasant. What in Dr. Faustus would become a standard feature of the Elizabethan stage? blending of tragic and comedy English families agreed to colonize Roanoke Island in 1587 in exchange for land. England sought to establish a colonial foothold in the Americas to counter the powerful Hispanic Catholic presence there. Which Elizabethan writer used the English sonnet form so successfully that it has been given his name? William Shakespeare In an English sonnet, the resolution or explanation is the last couplet. in Hans Holbeins The Ambassadors, the skull between the two ambassadors represents the fate that awaits us all Publication of what work directly inspired sacred music during the Elizabethan age? The First Book of Common Prayer Henry VIII wrote a tract condemning Martin Luther and his religious reforms to earn a Defender of the Faith title from the pope. For John Smith and the English people, Pocahontas symbolized the Jamestown colonys civilizing mission.