Public Opinion and Media Coverage of Labor Unions Article

Popular Opinion and Media Coverage of Labor Unions - Article Example Print media, thusly, can shape new supposition and to impact and balance out existing general assessments on account of their span to masses. Along these lines, it ought to be referenced that if media would depict the positive picture of worker's guilds (an intrigue gathering) at that point the open would have positive discernments, thoughtful mentalities, feeling, and good help. Interestingly, if media would enjoy the negative depiction of unionism in the corporate division (either unexpected or deliberate) at that point the likelihood of negative general conclusion when ould increment (barring patrons as they are least influenced). All things considered, Schmidt’s genuine contention is about the contribution ent of media in defective inclusion of trade guilds, which at that point bring about the formation of negative mentalities and suppositions about unionism among masses. For example, the independents and non-individuals followed by Republicans are ones who really structure negative assessments about associations, which is to a great extent dependent on data gave amazing news the papers, for example, Times and others and so on. The case was substantial as it had been measurably demonstrated in the light of results that showed the positive connection between negative media inclusion and unsympathetic popular conclusions. In the wake of investigating the discoveries of Schmidt (1993), Meister (n.d), Puette (1992) and Chermak (1995), I might want to feature that print media generally center around inclusion of association defilement and rough strikes in an emotional way with the goal that the news gets fi ery and lures more perusers. Furthermore, it has been a demonstrated actuality (the reference to explore by referenced creators) that the columnists (during 1970 †1995) have stayed impassive to tranquil and uneventful debate goals. In fact, a reasonable analyzer ought to denounce the past demeanor of columnists since it prompted a depiction of the ly negative side (and one-sided) of work unionism in a profoundly misrepresented way. Consequently, the open additionally saw associations as more â€Å"socially lethargic, elitist, nondemocratic and ridden by crime†. Meister (n.d) have called that news is introduced, just to pull in masses, at that point away as though there has been an inescapable tussle and war among associations and bosses/firm proprietors. Indeed, I would contend that it looks like sensationalist reporting in light of embellishment and dramatizations included.

Poems By Ann Bradstreet And Edward Taylor

Sonnets By Ann Bradstreet And Edward Taylor Ann Dudley Bradley was an American essayist who was conceived in the year 1612 and lived for a long time and kicked the bucket in 1672. Among her numerous works that she composed incorporated the sonnet titled The Prologue. She is best recognized as the main American artist to be distributed during colonization of America. Edward Taylor was conceived in Sketchley, Leicestershire, England in 1642 and he lived for a long time till in 1729. He too was an American writer during the colonization of America. A Pastor and a Physician, one of his sonnets distributed was titled Prologue. The preamble by Ann has eight verses and every refrain has six lines, the verses of the sonnet have been orchestrated in a straightforward and clear way; while in examination with the introduction by Edward, written in 1939 from Preparatory Meditation has five refrains and six lines. The first and the third line of each refrain have been indented left. Ann Bradley in her sonnet in the principal refrain appear s to scorn the inclination to adulate and worship war, commanders and the rulers and their urban communities and riches that are as a resultant of war. She appears not to have the option to constrain herself into taking her pen and paper and applause them. (For my mean pen are too predominant things). To her, it is the obligation of writers and students of history to sort the realities out. In her sonnet there is a dainty line between the realities of history and the dreams of the rulers and skippers in addition to their riches: and there worth won't be esteemed by her composition. The impression of Ann and the feelings of her heart appear to look down about the colonizers great lifestyle (incredible bartas sugared lines) and she feels disheartened about the condition of her kindred Americans in bounty. In the Prologue by Edward Taylor, the artist appears to ask God a talk inquiry, that its extremely evident like an unmistakable sky that the residue that is on the earth (men) can no t exceed the totality of the terrific mountains (predominance of God) on the earth caused its not their structure nor show that can befit the glory of the heavenly nature. To him he is self-concurring that being given a dampness (pen that is fit to be composed with) will control him in giving a superb recognition to the master. In the subsequent verse, he commends a pen that has been expectedly made for composing utilizing an excessively refined ink that can even compose on the most impossible surface (in gem leaves) where it can compose savagely till the author stops. The two authors appear to commend the craft of sending in drawing out their discernment and in lauding glorious and in looking for self-esteem. (second verse for Edward and the fifth and the 6th line of the primary refrain for Ann.) In the fourth to the 6th refrains, Ann Bradley expresses that they don't anticipate, any expressive language (talk) from the school young men nor music (sweet associate) from old melodic supplies (broken strings) nor a marvel that move to their tune thus her considerations likewise sings out however this is futile as whatever the current issue, it isn't reversible as cause nature made it so. These has made her to detest the Greek who through workmanship found that there wants can be somewhat satisfied by craftsmanship partly , yet by the day's end a harmed mind doesn't acknowledge treatment.( the fifth refrain). The writer is unfortunate to each bothering tongue that partialities her hand that composes and hates at her work in light of the predominance of her works and on the grounds that she is female. This achieves the subject of sexual orientation inclination and disparity through her works (Who says my hand a needle better fits.)and its her obligation to refute them through her works ( a writers pen all contempt) despite the fact that refuting them through her works will lead them to expressing that her works and knowledge are not unique but rather its counterfeited( last two sentence of the 6th refrain) Edward Taylor, in the third to the fifth and the last refrain alludes himself to be the crump of residue that is so low in the general public and its just through his pen that he can carry himself to the degree of the commendation and high life like the mountains and these he is to do through adulating of the Lord through composed sonnets written in the most refined if inks (Â And Write in Liquid Gold upon Thy Name; My Letters till Thy magnificence forward doth fire.) He proceeds by expressing that nobody should endeavor to neither separate his undertakings nor snicker at his works. He applies to the ruler to rouse his works and may wonder be given to the master who may show leniency to every one of those that are looking down at his works of applause (Nor snicker Thou them to hate yet absolve give). For in the event that brilliance is given, at that point it will last (Thy dust will live.) And that the individuals ought to be mindful so as not to despise at the inadequacy of his fi lls in as they are still piece of his works. (They being Slips slipped from Thy Crumb of Dust.) Edward as the crump of residue looks for God( the mountain) to control him with the goal that he can show case his ability and give recognition and wonder to the god-like god (the last stanza)In the last three refrain for Ann Bradley, she glances back at the antiquated Greeks who were mellow in there treatment of there ladies yet they are still fakers (Else of our sex why pretended they those Nine). To her Greeks will be Greeks and that men should quit taking up arms to demonstrate to the ladies as they have a favorable position and they will consistently exceed expectations, every one of that ladies are looking for from the men is some regard and affirmation for all that they do( Yet award some little affirmation of our own) For even the winged creatures that fly the skies fly high yet get their prey and that men can quit looking down the ladies accomplishments then ladies accomplishment including her works will undoubtedly carry more riches to the men by just recognizing them.( last verse) . To finish up the two scholars are taking a gander at the craft of composing as a methods for satisfying there wants. For Ann Acknowledgment from men and for Edward applause to the master.

4 Proven Ways to Increase Likes on your Facebook Page

4 Proven Ways to Increase Likes on your Facebook Page Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Proven Ways to Increase Likes on your Facebook PageUpdated On 13/07/2017Author : Ishaan GargTopic : FacebookShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozb4c9 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogFacebook, the most widely used social network, is the chief source of referral traffic for a  humongous  number of bloggers. A blog without a Facebook fan page is like a smartphone without an app store, unimaginably incomplete!Every blogger dreams of getting a few hundred Ks beside the like button on their blog or website. So without wasting any more precious time, lets dig into some of the methods that I have found useful, in escalating the number of Facebook Page Likes.1. Share Humorous Multimedia ContentWhenever I share a funny cartoon on my blog TrickVillas fan page (of course with due credit to the author), I see a sudden surge in the number of Likes Shares it receives.This not only improv es engagement, but also attracts more fans due to the re-sharing of that funny picture by my fans onto their own walls friends. This way, you can reach out to friends-of-fans.But keep in mind that you post a photo or video related to your niche. Try to post already viral photos or make them viral ??To be resourceful of such images, subscribe to a good photographer on Facebook, or just post a photo of some cute cat (thats gonna go viral for sure :p )2. Create a Catchy call-to-action Landing PageIf a non-fan lands on your Facebook Page, they will see your wall or info, as per your Page settings. What you need to show, is a graphic eye-catching page, that tells them to Like the page in order to get updated about, whatever your blog provides.READWhat Topics To Write On A New Starter Blog ?See How to create Facebook landing pageCreating this welcome page is like a breeze works as a great incentive for your Like button ??3. Choose your friends wisely, now target them!This is a superbly awesome method for gaining Facebook Page fans or likes. Join a blogging group or a fan page related to yours, and start adding people from that group or page to your friends list.This way, you befriend a lot of like-minded people, what you call  targeted  audience. Once they  accept  your friend request, simply send them an invitation to your Facebook Page, from the Page itself.Since these friends are already interested in your blog niche, they are very likely to Like your page, engage share it. ??4. Like button placement on your blog or WebsiteNo, sidebar is obviously not the perfect place to position your Facebook Like button. Sidebar is the last think your readers notice on your site, with the least interest. So whats the perfect place for gaining maximum Like button hits?The best place is after the content of the article, so that when a user has finished reading your post, they notice the Like button  immediately   hit it. You may try placing it above the content too, see what works best for your blog.This article is written by Ishaan Garg. He is the Co-founder of TrickVilla, his areas of interest include multimedia editing, SEO, web designing, social-media marketing gadgets. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.

Economic Development - 1870 Words

Introduction Governments the world over have long been investing in infrastructure in the hope of boosting economic development of their country. To study the relationship between infrastructure and economic development, we compared two journals; Infrastructure and Local Economic Development by Rives, J amp; Heaney, M. (1995) and Infrastructure and Economic Growth: The Nigeria Experience 1980-2006 by Enimola, S (2010). We chose these journals as the journal by Rives, J looked at the approach on a community/state level whereas the journal by Enimola, S looked at it at a national level. Hence, we were able to look at the topic at a micro and macro level. We compared the objectives of both journals, along with the methodological†¦show more content†¦DEVELOP = a + b1 INFRA + b2ln DSCITY + b3ln DSINT + b4 TOTAX + b5 EDUCATE + B6 MANEMP + b7 ln POP + E INFRA - average sewer capacity, average water plant capacity, state highway and national highway. DEVELOP - median household income, percent of the labour force employed, population change, assessed valuation per capita (property valuation) DSINT – Distance to an interstate highway DSCITY – Shortest distance to the nearest regional centre TOTAX – Property tax rate. This is measured because there is a negative relationship between tax rate and economic development as firms tend to move to regions where the tax rate is lower. EDUCATE – Percent of high school and college graduates. This measure is taken to account for the human capital stock of the community. MANEMP – is the proportion employed in manufacturing. This is to account for the agglomeration in the community. This is because agglomeration have been known to promote economic growth through greater division of labor, cost saving in bulk purchases, better communication and relationship between managers and the availability of alternative technologies. POP – accounts for the size of theShow MoreRelatedWomen Empowerment And Economic Development1905 Words   |  8 Pagesin an economy. It is without a doubt that women have always played a crucial role in different aspects of society and many studies have revealed that women empowerment and economic development are interrelated. Due to such studies many policies have been created to promote women empowerment in order to achieve economic development. When we talk about female empowerment initiatives this includes: investment in education, exposing women to workforce opportunities, finding ways to increase women’s selfRead MoreEconomic Development Office For The State Of Texas888 Words   |  4 PagesThe summer of 2014, I interned at the Economic Development Office for the state of Texas. The office was tasked with preparing relocation incentives for companies in order to create jobs. The office was split into different departments totaling about 45 people. The office worked strictly under the Governor. One would answer the phone, â€Å"Office of the Governor, Economic Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Economic Development offices around the country came under repetitive criticism for behaving as governors’ slush fundsRead MoreDevelopment And Development Of The Field Of Community Economic Development1633 Words   |  7 PagesTorres, Maria CED 301 Midterm Development and growth go hand-in-hand in the field of Community Economic Development. Community economic development is a field of study that actively elicits community involvement when working with government, and private sectors to build strong communities, industries, and markets (Riley, 2012). Economic Development applies to the context of people’s sense of right and wrong. 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They decided where people should live and theyRead MoreRole of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development1047 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the attempt to create value through recognition of business opportunity, the management of risk taking appropriate to the opportunity and through the communicative and management skills to mobilize human financial and material resources necessary to bring a project to fruition. According to A. H. Cole, Entrepreneurship is activity of an individual, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandize profit byRead MoreThe Economic Development Of A Nation1852 Words   |  8 PagesAs I might want to discuss some essential parts of economic development in your nation, as you will allow us to enter in your economic business sector. We can comprehend your interest about your protectionist strategy. However, the development of the economy in developing nation like Primaria is exceptionally troublesome with this sort of free trade barriers. We have considered our business worldwide and we have seen the fast financial development in nations by business. The protectionist strategiesRead MoreEconomic Development Of Asian Countries Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Tuggle III Professor Cheryl A. D’Mello Com 201 30 November 2016 In my research, I will consider the economic development of three Asian countries – Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Rapid growth of the Asian countries appears to be a starting point of studying economic development theory on practice. The importance of the study of the causes of rapid growth of the East Asian countries lies in the application of the results to other developing countries. The contrast between East Asian

When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemmas in Research In considering the articles we read this week, it is my opinion that the single most important ethical dilemma raised was a violation of autonomy caused by either a lack of informed consent or in the case of the Willowbrook hepatitis studies, consent that was obtained through somewhat questionable practices. The Tuskegee Syphilis subjects were not informed at all that they would be denied treatment, in fact, they were implicitly lied to by the leaders of their community and lead to believe that they were going to get free medical care, blood tests and examinations. (Munson Lague, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen" essay for you Create order In the case of Willowbrook, the research subjects were both mentally incapable of consent and below the age of consent, so the researchers appealed to the parents of the children. While they were initially informed of the nature of the experiment and given time to consider and consult with psychiatrists and their own physicians during the latter part of the experiment, when admissions were restricted because of overcrowding, parents were told the only way they could get their child into Willowbrook was by admitting their child into the Hepatitis Research Unit and the study. Parents were led to believe that the research would lead to better health and better care for their children because they would be isolated from other endemic illnesses at Willowbrook and gain protection against Hepatitis itself. (Munson Lague, 2008) Without all of the necessary information and available options, participants and their proxies could not give informed consent, therefore their autonomy was violated . In consideration of this, neither study should have been conducted even though there were good things that came out of the Willowbrook study. In both research projects, harm was caused to both sets of participants however, only one deliberately withheld available effective treatment. Krugman intentionally infected children with hepatitis and justified this action by saying that they wouldve gotten it anyway because almost everyone at Willowbrook gets it eventually. (Munson Lague, 2008) As it turned out, infecting the children with hepatitis did in fact protect them to some degree. In the Tuskegee study, not only were the subjects lied to and not treated, the whole intent of the project was not to find a cure, but to find out if syphilis affected black people the same way as it did white people. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee study was a catalyst for the passage of the 1974 National Research Act. It changed the way research using human subjects with federal funding would be carried out by requiring that Institutional Review Boards be created to oversee ethical applications. It also required written informed consent allowing the use of a persons cells and tissues for research, laid out parameters that determine if a project is legitimate from an ethical standpoint and it distinguished research from practice. These parameters were respect for persons, beneficence and justice. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee experiments did not take all of these parameters into account. Participants were chosen specifically because of their race and they were poor and easily enticed to participate by offers of free care and treatment. In 1986, Saul Krugman explained in further detail about the ethical concerns of the Willowbrook experiment in an article titled The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. He brought up several issues that I did not learn from our textbook. When Willowbrook was initially returned back to the NYS Office of Mental Hygiene after World War II, the initial residents to move in were transferred from Wassaic School and Letchworth Village, two other state schools for developmentally and physically disabled children that were also suffering from severe overcrowding and endemic diseases. (Krugman, 1986) The hepatitis strain prevalent in Willowbrook was able to be traced back to Wassaic. The majority of the children were severely mentally retarded and not toilet trained; this combined with overcrowding, offered little to no control over the spread of disease, including hepatitis. At one point, a letter had been sent to 5000 parents in an attempt to have parents bring their chi ld home instead of leaving them in Willowbrook, which resulted in 2 children going home. This was one of several failed attempts to ease overcrowding and control the spread of hepatitis. Krugmans study procedures included a one year long epidemiological survey, physical examinations and collection of serum specimens which were kept in a freezer. (Krugman, 1986) Normally the samples wouldve been discarded however, it would be almost 2 decades before the researchers realized the significance of this action. Enough evidence was produced in the survey to believe that admission to Willowbrook equated to eventual infection with hepatitis A. (Krugman, 1986) After the survey, it was decided to purposely infect children in the hopes of learning to control the incidence of hepatitis, provide some immunity to the children and ultimately develop a vaccine. In regard to obtaining parental consent, as we know from the weeks readings, initially all information about the study was disseminated to individual parents of the children but later the researchers adopted a group method which Krugman stated had a better response. Parents first met with a social worker who explained the project in detail and if they agreed, the parents came to a group session where they met Dr. Giles, nursing staff, attendants and the psychiatric social workers and other physicians interested in the project. (Krugman, 1986) The purpose of the group meetings was to explain in detail the benefits, hazards, and a question and answer period followed by a tour of the facility. (Krugman, 1986) A follow up contact was made a few weeks after the meeting and if parents consented, their child was enrolled. He pointed out that both the guidelines they used in their study and their methods for obtaining informed consent were similar to guidelines established years after the study began. I noticed in Krugmans article, he did not make mention of telling parents that the only way to have their child admitted to Willowbrook after new admissions were halted was to admit them into the Hepatitis Research Unit and enroll them into the study. If this truly happened, then it could be argued that the parents were victims of subtle coercion. An unintended discovery from the Willowbrook study was that there were actually 2 strains of hepatitis prevalent in the school; MS-1, (hepatitis A), and MS-2 (hepatitis B). Krugman retested serum samples that had been frozen during the epidemiological study after the Australia antigen was discovered in 1969 and was able to confirm evidence of exposure to both strains. The recommendation from the Commission on Viral Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board that the studies be continued was based on this information. (Krugman, 1986) Krugman maintained that the sole reason for conducting their studies at Willowbrook was because hepatitis was prevalent there and the motive was to protect the children and learn about the disease. Knowledge gained because of the Willowbrook studies ultimately had a positive effect for a large portion of society. Along with learning that there are 2 strains of hepatitis, researchers learned how it was spread and that immune globulin can prevent Hepatitis B. In addition, research showed that a 1:10 mixture of boiled MS-2 serum in distilled water provided some degree of protection against Hepatitis B. (Krugman, 1986) Knowledge gained also eventually led to development of inactivated vaccines from the plasma of patients known to be carriers of hepatitis B. References Krugman, S. (1986). The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 157-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4453816 Munson, R., Lague, I. (2008). Intervention Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Environment Issues Face The Competition - 930 Words

Environment issues face the competition to get attention with other priorities in social and economic development. Establishing environment priorities need a certain cost. A clear considerable between cost and benefit could address the problem about the affordability of environmental cost. Most countries in the world experienced in a devastating environmental degradation to give a more attention to environment such as Minamata case in Japan or fog in London (Calkins et al. 1994). However, Indonesia never had experienced in such disaster. The government attention to the environment was started when the government participated in the Stockholm conference in 1972. The creating special minister for the environment was the landmark for Indonesian attitude toward environment matters. Emil Salim as the first minister for the environment acknowledges that potential threat for forest degradation is population pressure. To protect from deforestation the minister establishes a large forest area for conservation or national park (Cribb 1990). The concept ‘eco development’ was introduced by the minister. The policy means that every development should conduct an assessment of environmental impact (Nomura 2009). Improving environment quality needs efficiency and it also needs well distribution of the development. However, Economic growth is related with increasing pressure on natural resources and increasing waste. Healthy environment is associated with high income community becauseShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By Small Businesses902 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business in the UK Face Small businesses face a number of problems and challenges on a daily basis, both in the local and international markets. In the UK, Small businesses face a myriad challenges and issues on a day-to-day basis. The internal and external problems are countless. Some of these issues include high cost of insurance, financial problems, high taxes, competition, transport issues, employee skills gaps, and health safety issues among others. Competition is increasing at an alarmingRead MoreWhat Forces in the Marketing Environment Appear to Pose the Greatest Challenges to Timberlands Marketing Performance?964 Words   |  4 PagesWilhelm Case study #1 Bus 321-60 September 10, 2012 What forces in the marketing environment appear to pose the greatest challenges to Timberlands marketing performance? According to the text, the forces that pose the greatest challenge are the changes and new challenges that the marketing environment poses to the global marketer. Timberland wants to stay on top of fast-changing trends. It has to face the international competitor. 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The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is considered a normal practice. This paper attempts to model the business environment and evaluate its competi tive characteristics by comparing the traditional business with E-Business. Kreplin.Read MoreChallenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesare the most difficult ones to face and overcome. Some environmental issues that effect the American auto industry are; global competition in the industry, new technology for powering the product that this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions to this, and consumer opinions about the product. â€Å"An analysis of the external environment is a part of the exercise of strategy development. Some parts of the external environment that are usually considered are:

HUM2210 Western HumanitiesAncient to Renaissance

HUM2210 Western Humanities:Ancient to Renaissance- Part 3 All of the following are desired of Baldassare Castigliones luomo universale EXCEPT charity to the less fortunate. The humanists in Lorenzos court have viewed Venus in Botticellis Primavera as an allegory for the highest moral qualities. Lorenzo Ghiberti created a vivid sense of real space in his design by using foreshortening It is remarkable that a competition was held in 1401 to design the doors to the Florence Baptistery, given that scarcely over a half century earlier, the city had witnessed as much as four fifths of its population succumb to the Black Death. According to Pico della Mirandola in the Oration on the Dignity of Man, humans are the most fortunate of living things, because of their great gift of free will. Dufays Nuper rosarum flores repeats the fixed melody on 6, 4, 2, and 3 units per breve to mirror the proportions of Solomons Temple and the Florence Cathedral. How did Filippo Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding? The domes ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design. Cosimo de Medici founded Florences Platonic Academy to provide a place for the study and discussion of Platos works Piero Della Francesca painted Federigo de Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, in profile because Federigo was missing an eye and part of his nose. Leonardo da Vincis Last Supper fresco is unique for its psychological realism. In Titians Sacred and Profane Love, sacred love is represented by the nude woman. In the School of Athens, Raphael represents Plato pointing upward to signify the location of the realm of ideal forms. In Renaissance Italy, the education of women was, to some degree, necessitated by the rise of the merchant class. In the School of Athens, Aristotle directs his palm down to indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world. Villa La Rotunda was modeled upon the Pantheon. In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, Lucretia Marinella claims that men who denigrate women are motivated by anger and envy. According to the ancient Roman Vitruvius, the ideal human body should be eight times the size of the human head. Donato Bramante applied the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs to symbolize the perfection of God Michelangelo placed the Separation of Light from Darkness at the far end of the Sistine Chapel over the altar, because it was intended to symbolize the viewers distance from creations goodness and truth Venetian artists begin favoring oil paint over tempera, because it gave their work more luminosity and realistic details. Why in his later years did Martin Luther claim that the Jews were devils and blasphemers? Jews did not willingly convert in great numbers to the reformed Christianity. At the heart of Martin Luthers outrage at the Churchs salvation for sale was class inequity and injustice. Satire aims to convey the contradiction between real and ideal situations Ulrich Zwingli launched his program of iconoclasm in Zurich to protest the excesses of the Vatican. Martin Luther rebelled against the Church mandate about celibacy for those in a religious vocation, because faith, to him, equalized everyone, including the clergy. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revived the Classical literary genre of satire. The first major work that Johannes Gutenberg published using his printing press was The Forty-Two Line Bible. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Franà §ois Rabelaiss Gargantua and Pantagruel for attacking medieval theologys dogmas and sacraments. Michel de Montaigne invented the personal essay. Why did many Northern European artists turn to painting portraits and landscapes? The market for religious art was diminishing. Which of the following is NOT one of William Byrds reasons for people to learn to sing? It makes people more pleasant. What in Dr. Faustus would become a standard feature of the Elizabethan stage? blending of tragic and comedy English families agreed to colonize Roanoke Island in 1587 in exchange for land. England sought to establish a colonial foothold in the Americas to counter the powerful Hispanic Catholic presence there. Which Elizabethan writer used the English sonnet form so successfully that it has been given his name? William Shakespeare In an English sonnet, the resolution or explanation is the last couplet. in Hans Holbeins The Ambassadors, the skull between the two ambassadors represents the fate that awaits us all Publication of what work directly inspired sacred music during the Elizabethan age? The First Book of Common Prayer Henry VIII wrote a tract condemning Martin Luther and his religious reforms to earn a Defender of the Faith title from the pope. For John Smith and the English people, Pocahontas symbolized the Jamestown colonys civilizing mission.

Adolph Coors in the Brewing industry

The period between the years 1975 and 1985 saw Coors enjoy a very successful business. Coors had weathered the storm that affected other competitors in the beer industry. The cost of raw materials in this period accounted for half the revenue of the beer companies, input costs had skyrocketed, and there was a decline in prices. Coors irrespective of these issues made huge profits, and began drastically expanding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Adolph Coors in the Brewing industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was only in 1975 that Coors recorded its first drop in sales. The sales volume dropped by four percent. The company had never experienced drops in sales for two decades, although the company was running a large advertising company at that time. After the decrease in sales, the company sold less than twelve million barrels of beer. This exerted pressure on its profits that eventually affected the marke t valuation. During this period, the company saw stagnant demand for its products. This limited its expansion because the company had to keep the production of its beer at seven million barrels yearly. Before this period, the company was going to launch projects according to which the production would average twenty million barrels annually. This problem is interconnected with another one, namely, capacity conditions. The capacity conditions for Coors are based on small sizes. This period saw its capacity use fall to an average of eighty-four percent down from an impressive average of ninety-two percent. This was way below the industry’s utilization capacity. The company was operating below the industry performance, an exact opposite of the company’s performance in the decade that proceeded. The fall in utilization capacity was also affected by competition. Coors initially enjoyed being physically close to the market. Whereas its competitors’ location was in Wis consin and others were in Texas, its residence in Colorado was advantageous. Coors, therefore, filled the deficit created by the lack of the capacity by its rivals. This changed during this period when the competitors increased their capacity barrels, which led to the elimination of the advantage, as such, Coors’ capacity fell. Another cause that led to the competitive deterioration of the company was the challenge brought by its poor operating practices. The company was facing frequent strikes by its workers and was involved in numerous legal suits initiated by federation unions. The accusations ranged from forced loyalty, unjustified dismissals and discrimination based on race and sex among others. Suits from FTC and attempts to micromanage the wholesalers did more damage. FTC accused Coors of dictating the prices of their products to wholesalers, which reduced the scope of business since the criteria were strict and unacceptable to many.Advertising Looking for essay o n business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, Coors had a very poor marketing strategy. They relied on the beer preferences, which was unreliable when it came to increasing the volume of sales. Going forward, Coors must initiate a lot of changes to regain its lost status in the market. First, it must overhaul its operating practices. Employees must be treated equally irrespective of their sex, race, or religious background. It should allow workers to form unions. The management and union officials can handle a crisis in a better way than the crowd. The company has to improve its marketing strategy and accommodate the modern methods; it has to reevaluate its policy that appears to be too strict for the modern market. This essay on Adolph Coors in the Brewing industry was written and submitted by user Quinten Colon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nicomachean Ethics Essay Sample

Nicomachean Ethics Essay Sample Nicomachean Ethics Essay The term ethics was first used by Aristotle to name fields of study which were developed by Plato and Socrates who were his predecessors. Philosophical ethics tries to offer a logical argument to the question of why humans should live their lives at best. Aristotle considered that ethics and politics are related but they were two separate fields of study because ethics investigated the good of a person while on the other hand politics investigated the good of a nation or state. This ethics highlighted the importance of an individual to develop good and excellent character. Over the years since ancient time, the writings of Aristotle have been read and because of that, these writings continue to impact today’s philosophers. So, this paper describes Aristotle’s work, Nicomachean ethics. The title known as Nichomachean Ethics refers to Aristotle’s ethics and is usually given to the best works of ethics by Aristotle. It is assumed that the title may be referring to his son Nichomacus to whom Aristotle dedicated the work to but then again the title maybe was referring to his father who was also known as Nichomachus. This work played an important role in explaining Aristotle works on ethics and originally it consisted of ten books in numbers which were separate scrolls. These works are understood to be notes from the lectures Aristotle used at the Lyceum. The Nicomachean ethics as a historical philosophy is believed to be very important and had played a role in the European Middle Ages. Therefore, Nicomachean ethics became important in developing the modern philosophy, European theology, and law. The first philosophical work on ethics was written by Aristotle. He argues that the best way to study disputable subjects such as politics and ethics, which was done through discussions of what was just is to begin with what would be violently agreed upon by people of good character, people with experience in life, and then work from there to understanding and up. With this approach, Aristotle starts by saying that the highest good of people, the highest point of all human applied thinking, is happiness. He successively asserts that happiness is correctly understood as a stable progress specifically fitting for the soul at its most ethical. If there are many virtues, then the happy one is the best, or perfect of them all. Aristotle goes again to discuss several virtues and their agreed wrong doings. He discusses courage to be composed of confidence when facing fear and a person’s temperance as not yielding easily to the joy of physical feeling. Magnificent and liberality are composed of lending away some amount of cash in a right way. Proper ambition and magnanimity are composed of having the right character toward honor and knowing what is one’s right. Patience on the other side is the correct nature when it comes to controlling anger, though sometimes it is good to show the anger of some degree. The virtues of sincerity, intelligence, and amiability make for a good and agreeable interaction with others. Modesty is not really a virtue but an appropriate character towards shame and is seen in the young people. In conclusion, the term ethics was first used by Aristotle to name the fields of study which were developed by Plato and Socrates who were his predecessors. The ethics tries to offer a logical argument to the question on why humans should live their lives at best. Ethics and politics are related but they were two separate fields of study because ethics investigated the good of a person while on the other hand politics investigated the good of a nation or state. Nichomachean Ethics refers to Aristotle’s ethics and is usually given to the best works of ethics by him. This work played an important role in explaining Aristotle works on ethics and became important in developing the modern philosophy, European theology, and law.

What is Our Role in Creating Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is Our Role in Creating Change - Essay Example The change has to first start from the self and then alone can we try to change people and things around us. Our role in creating change starts with the change within us. The mind works based on past experiences and knowledge. The mind is the most powerful agent and if the mind-set can be changed, change is smooth. However, human beings resist change because they fear the unknown. They would like to adhere to what has been the practice and are reluctant to adopt something better. Change within can occur only when we understand the benefits of change, when we have the ability or the knowledge to understand the benefits of change. This requires effective communication. We can bring change to the world through effective communication. Communication encompasses much more than simply talking. It requires the skill, it requires patience to listen. Listening enhances understanding between people; listening enables us to know one another; it helps extend compassion to those in need. Communic ation should not create rumors or lead to distortion of facts. Meg Wheatley emphasizes on simple honest conversation (pg. 3) where each individual has a chance to speak, the chance of being heard. Communication has the power to move the world, says Meg. This has been witnessed in social movements throughout history. A small group of committed people can change the world. This is evident in Poland’s powerful labor movement when solidarity that started with 9 people grew to 9 million (Wheatley, 2001). Also, an individual mother’s grief led to a national movement under the banner of Mothers Against Drunken Driving (MADD). Working in collaboration and cooperation creates a positive environment. Everyone involved in the work is at ease and gives his/her best. The mind is peaceful and a peaceful mind is creative. Meg draws upon the example of nature and explains how the system functions as one single unit even though it is comprised on so many different elements. Human being s too have the quality to work in harmony but we have somehow fallen off the track. Competition in every field has made people move at a fast pace so as not to be left behind. Meg believes that relationships are all there is (pg. 19). Competition against fellow beings only gives rise to unwanted emotions, feelings of ownership, jealousy and greed. Vitality comes from cooperation and not from competition, she says. An important aspect in change is to respect and acknowledge one another as equals (pg. 29). Traditions and cultures around the world have always promoted peace and harmony. Now that people around the world communicate and interact oftener due to advancements in communication and information technology, people are unable to adjust or be cooperative. We have to learn to understand diversity and the benefits of diversity. We gain diverse experiences which should make us richer and humbler and not arrogant. We should acknowledge diversity in people, in their culture, in their traditions and appreciate them instead of condemning them. Each individual has to take responsibility of the change in the self. We have allowed ourselves to drift like a piece of wood thrown in the water. We need to inculcate discipline. This does not mean to follow rules or abide by regulations. It is the discipline that should come from within and should not be imposed by an external source. Imposed discipline makes one feel suppressed and over time one does not give it any importance. However, discipline that is followed by one’s own self is always towards improvement, regulated and it needs no monitoring. Great changes starts from a small conversations held among people that care and people that are committed to the cause (Waltuck, 2010). Change in the

Human Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Nutrition - Essay Example I can also reduce the amount of meat that I consume by eating less portions of it. I can also eat more beans and legumes as they provide fiber and my daily intake of fiber is lower than it should be. These do not contain as much protein as meat. However, overall, my meat servings need to be smaller. The foods in my recorded daily intake that contain protein are flan (which contains eggs and milk), scrambled eggs, sausages, and the ground beef in the taco salad and the soft taco supreme. The foods contain complete proteins as they are meat and animal products. Incomplete proteins come from beans and legumes and must be combined with other foods in order to provide complete proteins. I was not surprised by the overabundance of protein that I consumed today as I usually do not eat fast food on a normal basis. Today consisted of extra special events; therefore, I was on the go. I knew that the processed and junk food eating would contribute to a high fat, high protein intake. I will go back to my usual intake tomorrow as I will go back to my normal schedule. Consuming too little protein can lead to anemia, which as defined by anemia (n.d.) is â€Å"a quantitative deficiency of the hemoglobin, often accompanied by a reduced number of red blood cells and causing pallor, weakness, and breathlessness.† Parts of the body that require more protein such as muscles and hair will start to weaken and even decrease if there is not enough protein. A decrease of lean body mass and muscle can lead to weakness and fatigue. Protein provides amino acids and is the building blocks of each cell in the human body. Too little protein means that the body cannot renew and repair its cells and itself. Eating too much protein can cause you to gain weight as it does contain extra calories. Nelson (2002) reports, â€Å"So-called ketogenic diets can thrust your kidneys into overdrive in order to flush these ketones from your body. As your kidneys rid your body of

Søren Kierkegaard Essay Example for Free

Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard Essay The term existentialism has been applied to the human subject in all aspects of the individual. Through the ideas of existentialism, philosophers have looked at the existence of the human being. An existential attitude of the world is one of confusion and belief in a meaningless world. The beliefs of existentialism came about as a complete change from the beliefs of periods like the Romantic period. This philosophical view of life came about in the 19th century. These ideas could better be explained by incidents like WWII, and how if there was a god, he would not have let such destruction happen. This view on life led to the pondering on weather or not our lives had any meaning or order to them or if they were completely random and out of our control. This time brought about many different existentialist philosophers, all having very different opinions and views of the world and its meaning. (Crowell, Steven) Soren Kierkegaard was known as the â€Å"father of existentialism† with his new views of life beginning in the 19th century. The basis and the beginning of most of Kierkegaard’s work came from his views on the Danish Church. He is popularly known for his term the â€Å"leap of faith†. He referred to this term both in a person’s belief in God and in love. This is because as he would say neither of these are things we can prove or know for sure, but only something we have to have faith in, something that can be doubted. Kierkegaard also found an importance on self-introspection and the individuals’ subjective relation to a certain subject. (McDonald, William) For example, groups who believe the same basic think all look at it with there own relativity. Most of Kierkegaard’s beliefs and philosophies have to do with moral and religious issues. These issues are the basis for a new way of thinking and looking at life that would later become known as existentialism. Another early philosopher in the 19th century with many existential elements in his thinking was Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche had views that were existential, yet they differed very much from that of Kierkegaard. He questioned Christianity and many other religions that tried to give people morality in there life. (Wicks, Robert ) Nietzsche also had ideas on the value of life and the purpose of life that formed from his belief on morality and God. Most of his ideas did not become very popular and well known until after his lifetime. A decade after WWII many of his philosophical works were revived after much translation. Nietzsche views of morality were Homeric and he saw morality more as wealth, strength, health, and power and not things like charity and pity. The statement that â€Å"God is dead† is something that was used by Nietzsche in his writing. Like much philosophy, some interpretation is done in understanding what it is they mean. Some saw Nietzsche as an atheist as he thought God no longer existed. This belief leads to a feeling that nothing matters in our life and leads to a loss on any perspective on any thing. These views on life from Nietzsche may have led to his symptoms of insanity in 1879. (Wicks, Robert) Jean-Paul Sartre is one of the most well known existentialists of the 20th century. He was a novelist, philosopher, and existentialist. Sartre became interested with the ideas of philosophy early on in his life. (Flynn, Thomas) After being involved with WWII there is a shift in his views on things and he spent most of his life thinking about his existentialist ideas about free will and communism. Sartre spent much time with the idea of consciousness and the idea that reflective consciousness or the idea of self-knowledge is something that always fails. He also said how man tries to make sense of the world it lives in is its only way of proving its own existence. (Flynn, Thomas) Sartre also gives a completely new spin on the idea of free will. The idea that if there were a creator that there would be a plan for it. However, because of this free will people believe in there must be no such creator that has a plan for us. Through this, we can see that atheism was fundamental to the style of Sartre’s existentialism beliefs. Throughout history, there have been many different beliefs on the world, life, politics, and religion. In most cases there is no real say that one is better than another when it comes down to strictly opinionated views. In the case of existentialism it can be seen just through the three philosophers; Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre we can see how one philosophical idea can be approached and looked at in so many different ways. The ideas and theories that make up both philosophy and religion are so diverse and will vary between each individual person. There is no wrong answer in the work of these philosophers, or that of any other philosophers, all make valid points and allow future generations to see there work and make them think. Every human is entitled to there own belief about the purpose of life and there existential views are only important to them. It is our beliefs on life that portray how we go about living our lives and what we live for. Wok Cited Crowell, Steven. Existentialsim. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2004. 11 Mar 2009 . Existentialism. Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation Inc.. 11 Mar 2009 . Flynn, Thomas. Jean-Paul Sartre. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2004. 11 Mar 2009 . McDonald, William. Soren Kierkegaard . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1996. 11 Mar 2009 . Wicks, Robert. Friedrich Nietzsche. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1997. 11 Mar 2009 .

Innocent Children, Violent Gangs Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Innocent Children, Violent Gangs      Ã‚   18, 059 violent felonies, 690 deaths, and 13,000 hard-core killers. What is the horrible cause of these striking statistics? Gangs. Gangs are a problem in nearly every state and 83 percent of the largest cities in the United States. The problem of gangs and their negative impact on the communities they exist in continues to grow and nothing seems to be able to stop this powerful growth. Gangs not only exist in just inner cities anymore, but in towns and suburban communities as well. Gangs are affecting more and more children everyday, and this problem needs to be stopped.    No one knows exactly how many children and youth nationwide are gang members or join a gang in an average day, but the numbers are astonishing and increasing. What is it about gangs that is so appealing to children? Gangs offer identity which a child may not have felt he or she had before. Gangs also offer belonging, protection, money, sex, and status. The majority of the children who become involved in such groups as gangs usually don't have a sense family or belonging to anyone, are lonely, and are looking for friends. Some may think that gangs are actually a good thing in that they offer so many positive things to a child's life. That is where some go wrong, and make the biggest mistake of their lives.    Gangs are responsible for ten to twenty percent of the criminal activity in the United States, which estimates to an approximate thirty to sixty billion dollars of taxpayers' money a year. Gangs are often associated with the use of drugs, including heroine and marijuana. Gangs also are connected to the illegal use of many weapons and as a result, many bloody murders. So, it is... ...f Violence: A Study of Violence on the Street, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 30 NO. 1, February 1993, pg 88-112. Kotlowitz, Alex, There Are No Children Here, Anchor Books Doubleday, 1991. Krivo, Peterson, Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime, Social Forces, Vol. 75 No. 2 December 1996, pg. 619-645. Lo, Chun-Nui, A Social Model of Gang Related Violence, Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology, Vol 19 no. 1, May 1991, pg. 36-43. Sambar, Chuck. http://www.sambar.com/sambar/chuck/aregangs.htm Omega Boys Club. http://www.street-soldiers.org/omega/omega1.html Alanzo, Felipe and Zavala, Eric. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/%7Edliss/student_projects/final_project/felipe2/index.htm http://home.navisoft.com/requiredreading/Page6.html Cantrell, Mary Lynn. http://www.bluemarble.net/%7Enes/hot/htopicgang.html   

From the Perspective of the Priest Child Abuser Essay

The article â€Å"A Priest Child Abuser Speaks† from the book Slayer of the Soul was contributed by a priest who wishes to remain anonymous. He is a self-confessed child abuser during his priesthood, and by writing this, he wishes to share his experiences and his gradual climb back into society. He also believes that writing this article would provide a lesson for both the victimizers and their victims, and hopes that the victimizers would avoid committing such hideous wrongs towards their victims. In the article, the priest shares his journey of self-realization as he slowly vaporized the demon that was poisoning his soul and coercing him to do such crimes against children. The priest recalls that he was convicted for abusing children — sexually, psychologically, and emotionally — in the 1980s, and sentenced to 14 months in a minimum security facility. He believes that he was lucky, knowing that a similar child-abusing priest was sentenced for 20 years of hard labor. The priest mentions that life was tough for him both inside and outside of prison. He felt that a lot of people resented him for what he did to children, and believed that what happened was just a lie, no matter how true it was. Some officers, notably a lieutenant who hated him, bullied and toyed with him. Other prisoners were disgusted at his presence, refused to befriend him, or intimidated him often. For his size, he thought that he would not stand a chance, and he saw that avoiding conflict was the best solution. However, not all of these people resented him or was afraid of him. He recalls making some friends while in prison, ranging from guards to cell mates. They supported him and were sympathetic of him, especially at the time when the lieutenant’s abusive nature went a bit overboard. While in prison, he fought for the system to give him therapy for the â€Å"sickness† he believes that he was carrying. He won that appeal, and the court sent him to therapy twice a week. The Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA) provided the opportunity for him to realize the root from which this sickness stemmed. While trying to heal himself, he also experienced rejection from close friends and acquaintances. Life was certainly difficult for him who was branded as a â€Å"child abuser,† which is why he wanted to reform himself in order to reenter society. During his SLAA therapies, he recalled his childhood which was filled with fear, anxiety, misfortune, and harassment. It was at that time when he idolized his parish scoutmaster and weirdly fell in love with him, prompting him into having a sexual relationship with him. It was a very traumatic experience that he knew he had to pull out from. He deducted that this might be the root of his â€Å"sickness† all along, as it was reinforced by an authority figure that it was â€Å"okay† to do it. He was also searching for a father figure, since his real father abandoned him and his family, and his mother declared him as the head of the household. When he entered the parish, he wished to help the children who had no father figure and had an emotionally miserable life. Things boiled over, and pretty soon, he was sexually involved with these young boys. One boy told his parents, and this made him realize his mistake. He mustered the strength to tell their parents that they need immediate therapy, but was arrested in the process when one therapist told the police about him. When he finally got out of prison, he wanted to mend the ties with his family and clear things up with them. However, they failed to â€Å"hear him out,† which was the reason that drove him into an unstable state in the first place. He confronted his scoutmaster and felt betrayed by his insights on the issue involving child abuse, telling him that it was wrong while he was regretting the fact that he believed in his scoutmaster. The damage has been done to him, and he believes that he needs to accept the consequences of his actions and just move on. He mentions that it left a black hole in his life, upon which he was initially placing things to fill that void. However, he realized that it was not the right course of action as he was building his life around that hole, completely avoiding it. Thus, he wished to enter the ministry again in order to help others that are trapped in the same dark cell in which he broke out from, although not completely. The priest mentions that gradually, he was able to recover his life and reform himself into the person that everyone knew before the incident. He was also able to reenter society as himself once again. Hence, he wishes to share his experiences to the world through this article in order to let people know that victims could become victimizers themselves one day, if they are not treated immediately. References A priest child abuser speaks. (1990). In S. J. Rossetti (Ed. ), Slayer of the Soul: Child Abuse and the Catholic Church (pp. 99-111). Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications.

Definition and Examples of Semantic Narrowing

Semantic narrowing is a type of semantic change  by which the meaning  of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its earlier meaning. Also known as specialization  or restriction. The opposite process is called broadening or semantic generalization. Such specialization is slow and need not be complete, notes linguist Tom McArthur. For example, the word fowl is now usually restricted to the farmyard hen, but it retains its old meaning of bird in expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl (Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992). Examples and Observations Narrowing of meaning . . . happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees applied to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant originally (before 1300) a bed, then gradually narrowed down to bedding, then to animals on a bedding of straw, and finally to things scattered about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant originally a young person, and meat, whose original meaning was food.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008)Hound and IndigenousWe say that narrowing takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The history of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund simply means dog. O ver the centuries, however, the meaning of hund in English has become restricted to just those dogs used to chase game in the hunt, such as beagles. . . .Words may come to be associated with particular contexts, which is another type of narrowing. One example of this is the word indigenous, which when applied to people means especially the inhabitants of a country which has been colonized, not original inhabitants more generally.(Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010)Meat and ArtIn Old English, mete referred to food in general (a sense which is retained in sweetmeat); today, it refers to only one kind of food (meat). Art originally had some very general meanings, mostly connected to skill; today, it refers just to certain kinds of skill, chiefly in relation to aesthetic skill - the arts.(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006)StarveModern English starve means to die of hunger (or often to be extre mely hungry; and dialectally, to be very cold), while its Old English ancestor steorfan meant more generally to die.​(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1994)Sand[M]any Old English words acquired narrower, more specific meanings in ME as a direct result of loans from other languages. . . . OE sand had meant either sand or shore. When Low German shore was borrowed to refer to the land itself along a body of water, sand narrowed to mean only the granular particles of disintegrated rock that covered this land.(C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Wife, Vulgar, and NaughtyThe Old English version of the word wife  could be used to refer to any woman but has narrowed in its application nowadays to only married women. A different kind of narrowing  can lead to a negative meaning  [pejoration] for some words, such as vulgar (which used to mean simply ordinary) and naughty (which u sed to mean having nothing).None of these changes happened overnight. They were gradual and probably difficult to discern while they were in progress.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010)Accident and FowlAccident means an unintended injurious or disastrous event. Its original meaning was just any event, especially one that was unforeseen. . . . Fowl in Old English referred to any bird. Subsequently, the meaning of this word was narrowed to a bird raised for food, or a wild bird hunted for sport.​(Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage. Routledge, 2004)